Archangel Amael's Blog: IP address

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Monday, May 26, 2008

Multipart PortScanning Tutorial Part 7

Multipart PortScanning Tutorial Part 7

In this edition we will be looking at the results of some Xmas Tree scans.

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime!
If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't come kicking and screaming on the forums!
All IP Address' MAC Address' etc. have been munged!

[b]
OK so first things first If you are not up to speed here are the other tutorials I have done on nmap.[/B]
[url="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11001"]Part1[/url]
[URL="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11003"]Part2[/URL]
[URL="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11010"]Part3[/URL]
[URL="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11025"]Part4[/URL]
[url="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11216"]Part5[/url]
[url="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=14195]Part6[/url]

OK so let's look at what a Xmas Tree scan is.
[quote]Xmas scan (-sX)

Sets the FIN, PSH, and URG flags, lighting the packet up like a Christmas tree.
[b]From the nmap online documentation. [/b] [/quote]

So what does this mean?
Well for starters we know about the three-way handshake with TCP/IP. So what we are doing is sending packets out that have the "FIN", "PSH" and "URG" flags set.
So let's look at these flags. The first one "FIN" tells the target that we are finished with our connection. And normally it would send back and "ACK" Packet.
The second is the "PSH" or push packet. TCP designates data being sent to an application by using the "PSH" flag. To ensure that data sent from a node has been received TCP uses an "ACK" flag that specifies which "PSH" packets have been received. "ACK"s are sent in response to "PSH" data grams in two different scenarios:
1. When data has been received by a node.
2. When the "ACK" delay has been reached.
The third flag is the "URG" flag. The "URG" flag is used to tell a node that information needing immediate attention is present within a packet.
A "URG" also tells a receiving node that the sender requests all buffered data to be passed to the application. Normally TCP holds data in a memory buffer until enough is collected then it is passed to the application needing said data. With the "URG" flag TCP sends the data immediately. Ok so now might be a good idea to take a break!

Now that we know what the packets mean let's take a look at why this can be important to the pen-tester.

First when we do a Xmas tree scan and the target sends us a "RST" or reset packet then we know that a target port is closed. But if the target port is open then there will be silence. This is the same thing when doing a "FIN" scan. All of this takes place due to RFC 793 Transmission Control Protocol.
During a Xmas tree scan nmap categorizes the response as either closed or open|filtered. The open|filtered result is combined because firewalls often drop these packets. Because it's impossible to determine if a missing response was due to an open port or a filtered network connection, there's no way to tell the difference between an open or filtered port. Different implementations of the TCP/IP stack will handle these scans in different ways. Windows for example will reply with a "RST" regardless of the status of the port. If an open|filtered port is picked up then the node is not windows based. Special attention must be given when the results show all ports as closed as this may not be true.
Ok so now if you are still with me let's take a look at some scans.
First in the default mode with a look at the flags.
[code]
#nmap -sX -v -v 192.168.1.5 [/code]
-sX xmas tree scan
-v verbosity
[b] And our results. [/b]
[code]

Starting Nmap 4.62 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2008-05-01 13:30 EDT
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 13:30
Scanning 192.168.1.5 [1 port]
Completed ARP Ping Scan at 13:30, 0.02s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 13:30
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 13:30, 0.05s elapsed
Initiating XMAS Scan at 13:30
Scanning 192.168.1.5 [1715 ports]
Increasing send delay for 192.168.1.5 from 0 to 5 due to 21 out of 70 dropped probes since last increase.
Completed XMAS Scan at 13:30, 16.56s elapsed (1715 total ports)
Host 192.168.1.5 appears to be up ... good.
All 1715 scanned ports on 192.168.1.5 are closed
MAC Address: 00:12:34:56:AA:FF (Cisco-Linksys)
Read data files from: /usr/local/share/nmap
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 17.024 seconds
Raw packets sent: 1821 (72.842KB) | Rcvd: 1718 (79.024KB)
[/code]
As you can see we really didn't learn much about our target. The only thing that we learned is that the ports all appear to be closed.
But this is not really the case. I know that there are open ports because the target is actually a print server.

[b]This time lets look more in depth at our target.[/b]
[code]
#nmap -sV -v -v -F -sX -O 192.168.1.5
[/code]
-sV service version
-O Operating system
-F Only scan ports listed on services.

[b] Now the relevant results[/b]
[code] Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port
Device type: storage-misc|printer
Running: Hotway embedded, IBM embedded, Packard Bell embedded
OS details: Hotway HDC-U2LA NAS device, IBM 6400 Printer (software version 7.0.9.6), Packard Bell NetStore 3500
OS Fingerprint:
Purposely removed [/code]
This time we can see that nmap returned us a print server. The device type is still incorrect. This can mean the difference between accessing the network and being shut out.
This print server like most usually have TCP ports 515, 631 open. There is usually one or two more like http or telnet open as well.

So we see that even though the two scans are not 100% accurate we did gain some valuable information about our target. Again a lot of devices will not respond to this type of scanning but there are some that will. Using the Xmas tree scan we can also help mask our intentions from a IDS. But remember most system administrators worth their weight in salt will ensure that there IDS's pick up this type of scan. There are ways around this as well.
Try playing with this type of scan and see what kind of results you get.

Drop a line if this has helped or hindered you.

Sunday, May 25, 2008

Multipart PortScanning Tutorial Part 6

Because there has been some interest I will try to do a couple more tutorials on [URL="http://nmap.org/"]nmap[/URL]. I am using the latest version available.

[B]In this edition we will be looking at the results of some "ACK" Scans[/B].

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime! If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't cry to me. All IP Address' MAC Address' etc. have been munged!
[B]
OK so first things first If you are not up to speed here are the other tutorials I have done on nmap.[/B]
[url="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11001"]Part1[/url]
[URL="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11003"]Part2[/URL]
[URL="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11010"]Part3[/URL]
[URL="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11025"]Part4[/URL]
[url="http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=11216"]Part5[/url]

[B]Next lets talk a minute about what a "ACK" scan is.[/B]
[quote]-sA (TCP ACK scan)
This scan is different than the others discussed so far in that it never determines open (or even open|filtered) ports. It is used to map out firewall rulesets, determining whether they are stateful or not and which ports are filtered.
The ACK scan probe packet has only the ACK flag set (unless you use --scanflags). When scanning unfiltered systems, open and closed ports will both return a RST packet. Nmap then labels them as unfiltered, meaning that they are reachable by the ACK packet, but whether they are open or closed is undetermined. Ports that don't respond, or send certain ICMP error messages back (type 3, code 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, or 13), are labeled filtered.
[URL="http://nmap.org/docs.html"]From the nmap online documentation[/URL]. [/quote]

So what does this mean to us. First when dealing with TCP/IP we all know how the connections work, so when a connection is finished one would normally see an ACK or Acknowledgment. Meaning that the connection was made and a transfer of some sort took place. So when we scan for hosts by sending out ACK packets what we are doing is telling the target machine that we have "received the transmission". But since this is our first real communication with said target. It will not no how to respond. This is turn will generate RST or reset packets. Now if we look above we see that nmap will label them as unfiltered, and in turn they are reachable. This second part is really the only part we care about. By sending out ACK packets we can then determine if a host is alive and possibly not set of IDS alarms. Now there is a caveat to this. If there are a lot of ACK packets hitting a target then an IDS will most likely see this and of course set off the alarm.
There are several ways we can mitigate this with nmap. Which I will show more of in a later tutorial.
[b]So our first default scan should look something like this.[/b]
[code]#nmap -v -v -sA 192.168.1.5 [/code]
Now I included the -v -v for verbosity level two just to get all of the information out of this basic scan that we can.
[b]Now lets look at the results. [/b]
[code]
Starting Nmap 4.62 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2008-05-00 12:26 EDT
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 12:26
Scanning 192.168.1.5 [1 port]
Completed ARP Ping Scan at 12:26, 0.02s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 12:26
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 12:26, 0.05s elapsed
Initiating ACK Scan at 12:26
Scanning 192.168.1.5 [1715 ports]
Increasing send delay for 192.168.1.5 from 0 to 5 due to 40 out of 133 dropped probes since last increase.
Completed ACK Scan at 12:26, 15.39s elapsed (1715 total ports)
Host 192.168.1.5 appears to be up ... good.
All 1715 scanned ports on 192.168.1.5 are unfiltered
MAC Address: 00:12:34:45:AA:FF (Cisco-Linksys)
Read data files from: /usr/local/share/nmap
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 15.828 seconds
Raw packets sent: 1836 (73.442KB) | Rcvd: 1716 (78.932KB)[/code]

Now the only thing that we learned is that the target is there, which we should already have known before we started scanning it. Blindly scanning a target is how we set off alarms!
Ok now lets look at it again only this time we will be trying to find out some info on the OS and what services are running.
But remember we do not want to trip the alarm so we are going to be a little sneaky with our throttling. Note this may or may not hide us, That is not the real point here.
[code]
#nmap -sV -v -v -F -T Paranoid -sA -O -PN 192.168.1.5
[/code]
This time we have several flags set.
-sV for service versions.
-v -v again verbosity level 2
-F to only scan the ports listed on the service version scan. No sense scanning all possible ports as this could trigger alarms.
-T Paranoid again to help mask what we are doing.
-sA is for the ACK scan itself.
-O for OS detection
-PN so that we do not ping the target before scanning. Again to mask what we are doing from the target itself.
[b]And of course the output[/b]
[code]
Starting Nmap 4.62 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2008-05-00 13:04 EDT
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 13:04
Scanning 192.168.1.5 [1 port]
Completed ARP Ping Scan at 13:04, 0.01s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 13:04
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 13:04, 0.05s elapsed
Initiating ACK Scan at 13:04
Scanning 192.168.1.5 [1276 ports]
Increasing send delay for 192.168.1.5 from 0 to 5 due to 45 out of 150 dropped probes since last increase.
Completed ACK Scan at 13:04, 11.45s elapsed (1276 total ports)
Initiating Service scan at 13:04
Initiating OS detection (try #1) against 192.168.1.5
SCRIPT ENGINE: Initiating script scanning.
Host 192.168.1.5 appears to be up ... good.
All 1276 scanned ports on 192.168.1.5 are unfiltered
MAC Address: 00:12:34:45:AA:FF(Cisco-Linksys)
Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port
Device type: storage-misc|printer
Running: Hotway embedded, IBM embedded, Packard Bell embedded
OS details: Hotway HDC-U2LA NAS device, IBM 6400 Printer (software version 7.0.9.6), Packard Bell NetStore 3500
OS Fingerprint:
Purposely Removed
Network Distance: 1 hop
Read data files from: /usr/local/share/nmap
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 12.866 seconds
Raw packets sent: 1343 (55.504KB) | Rcvd: 1283 (59.160KB) [/code]

So this time we picked up a bit more detail. I will say that what was reported by the scan's OS details is incorrect but they device type is. Also note that the mac address is listed as Cisco-Linksys. This along with the device type is the most relevant info we have gained. In order for us to actually penetrate the target we need more information. Which I will leave up to you to learn about.

So again we have covered using an ACK scan with nmap. There are more options, reasons, and ways of using this type of scan. I have showed you only the basics.
When I get the chance I will be showing more options for IDS spoofing and evasion techniques. I have purposely left this info out of this tutorial!

If this has helped or hindered you say something. :)

Saturday, January 19, 2008

How to using NetDiscover.

How to using NetDiscover.

Netdiscover is an active/passive address reconnaissance tool, mainly developed for those wireless networks without DHCP server, when you are wardriving. It can be also used on hub/switched networks. (Source NetDiscover )

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime!
If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't come kicking and screaming on the forums!
All IP Address' MAC Address' etc. have been munged!

This tool will allow us to quickly gather IP address on a given network and as stated above work great in wireless networks that have no DHCP server.
I am using this tool in BT2 Final. However in BT3 the process is the same.
Ok so to gain access to this tool open a shell and type:

Code:

bt ~ # netdiscover -help

This will show us what flags we can use.

Code:

Netdiscover 0.3-beta6 [Active/passive arp reconnaissance tool]
Written by: Jaime Penalba 

Usage: netdiscover [-i device] [-r range | -p] [-s time] [-n node] [-c count] [-f] [-S]
-i device: your network device
-r range: scan a given range instead of auto scan. 192.168.6.0/24,/16,/8
-p passive mode do not send anything, only sniff
-s time: time to sleep between each arp request (miliseconds)
-c count: number of times to send each arp reques (for nets with packet loss)
-n node: last ip octet used for scanning (from 2 to 253)
-S enable sleep time supression betwen each request (hardcore mode)
-f enable fastmode scan, saves a lot of time, recommended for auto

If -p or -r aren't enabled, netdiscover will scan for common lan addresses

Ok so let's look at the flags so that we know what we are dealing with.
"-i" simply put is the network card
"-r" the range to scan that you will insert on the command later
"-p" send no packets out on the network
"-s" time to sleep between the arp requests simply means how long netdiscover should wait.
"-c" count is the number or arp requests to send each time
"-n" node again this is a number you will insert on the command latter.
"-S" this will prevent netdiscover from "sleeping" between arp requests"
"-f" fast as stated above

Ok now in order for netdiscover to work it needs to send out "arp requests" this is the Address Resolution Protocol request. Simply put we are asking the network for a host's address.
For more info about ARP go here
ARPWIKI

So now if you understand the above we can move on.
What we are doing is asking a host some basic info about the network.
"Who has 192.168.0.1? Tell 192.168.0.67"
This keeps going until all the nodes or ranges we specify have answered.
When using I used wireshark to help visualize the process however this is not needed.The pictures are located here:
Netdiscover

Now we are going to look at an example of netdiscover in action
with no flags set. This will cause ND to scan for common LAN address'

Code:

bt ~ # netdiscover

Hit enter and watch

Code:

 Currently scanning: 192.168.4.0/16   |   Our Mac is: 00:11:22:AA:BB:CC - 0

2 Captured ARP Req/Rep packets, from 2 hosts.   Total size: 120
_____________________________________________________________________________
 IP            At MAC Address      Count  Len   MAC Vendor
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
192.168.1.1     00:11:22:AA:BB:CC    01    060   Cisco-Linksys
192.168.1.2     00:11:22:AA:BB:CC    01    060   Cisco-Linksys

In order to stop the scan you can hit control + c .

We see above that we have found 2 hosts and the IP and MAC address's as well as the Vendor of said MAC's

Ok now we will look at some sample commands

Code:

bt ~ # netdiscover -i ath0 -r 192.168.1.0/24

The above is Set to scan a class "C" network to see what hosts are alive

Code:

bt ~ # netdiscover -i eth0

The above is Set to scan "common networks"

Code:

 bt ~ # netdiscover -i ath1 -p

The above is Set to scan passively

This means that it will not send ARP packets out but will wait for them to come from another source.
This is useful when we don't want to make noise and set off the alarms! This will happen on any good network with a decent IDS/IPS in place
because we are sending multiple ARP packets.
Ok so I have provided a few pictures of the tool in action and wireshark showing what is going on.

Netdiscover

Sunday, January 13, 2008

How To Using DNS-Ptr

How To Using DNS-Ptr

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime!
If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't come kicking and screaming on the forums!
All IP Address' MAC Address' etc. have been munged!

DNS-PTR Is a tool that allows you to learn DNS names of IP address' This is like doing a reverse DNS lookup.
You have the IP address but want to know if there is a domain name associated with it.
Using this tool will allow us to do mass lookups rather quickly.
This is a very simple tool to use.

To access this tool K>Backtrack>InformationGathering>All>DNS-Ptr

OK opening this will give the following

Code:

Usage : ./Allhosts  
Mass DNS Query program for vicy, by crisk
bt dns-ptr #

OK so for some background for those that don't know. DNS the Domain Name System translates Domain Names like www.yourexampleofadomain.com into 192.168.1.100
Of course this address is for "internal or private use only".
Now we can use lots of tools to gain this info I will leave that alone.
If you have maybe the IP address and want to find a domain name that may be associated with the IP we can use DNS-Ptr
Using the IP to find an associated Domain name is called a Reverse DNS lookup.

To use the tool on the command line type the IP address that you want to lookup.

Code:

Usage : ./Allhosts  
Mass DNS Query program for vicy, by crisk
bt dns-ptr # dns-ptr 192.168.1.1

The output will show us.

Code:

Beginning DNS lookups
192.1.168.1.1
Ending DNS lookups.
bt dns-ptr #

If we want to see if other IP address' close to our start IP are associated then we can set the End IP and run it again.

In this example I used 5 (remember leave a space)

Code:

Usage : ./Allhosts  
Mass DNS Query program for vicy, by crisk
bt dns-ptr # dns-ptr 192.168.1.1 5

Code:

Beginning DNS lookups
192.1.168.1.1  : fac34-7-yourexampleofadomain.com
192.1.168.1.2  : fac34-7-yourexampleofadomain.com
192.1.168.1.3  : fac34-7-yourexampleofadomain.com
192.1.168.1.4  : fac34-7-yourexampleofadomain.com
192.1.168.1.5  : someotherexampleofadomain.com
Ending DNS lookups.
bt dns-ptr #

As you can see the first 4 IPs belong to www.yourexampleofadomain.com, but the 5th one belongs to someone else.
Again this is a simple tool to use.

Multipart PortScanning Tutorial Part 5

Multipart PortScanning Tutorial Part 5

In this edition we will be looking at the results of NULL Scans.
We are using Nmap

The other parts are located here:
Part1
Part2
Part3
Part4

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime!
If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't come kicking and screaming on the forums!
All IP Address' MAC Address' etc. have been munged!

Ok first off a NULL Scan is a scan in which there are no TCP Flags set. This is normally something that doesn't happen or shouldn't happen in the "real world". If the scanned ports are closed then we should get a RST (Reset) packet back from our target.

The basic scan uses the -sN flag.

So it will look like the following on a windows box with a firewall in place.

Code:

 bt ~# nmap -sN -vv 192.168.1.4

As always we are using the -vv (very verbose) flags.
And the following is our typical output:

Code:

Starting Nmap 4.20 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2008
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 11:35
Scanning 192.168.1.4 [1 port]
Completed ARP Ping Scan at 11:35, 0.01s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 11:35
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 11:35, 0.05s elapsed
Initiating NULL Scan at 11:35
Scanning 192.168.1.4 [1697 ports]
Completed NULL Scan at 11:36, 36.33s elapsed (1697 total ports)
Host 192.168.1.4 appears to be up ... good.
All 1697 scanned ports on 192.168.1.4 are open|filtered
MAC Address: 00:11:22:AA:BB:CC (Cisco-Linksys, LLC)

Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 37.093 seconds
            Raw packets sent: 3395 (135.802KB) | Rcvd: 1 (42B)

And now the same scan without the firewall in place.

Code:

 bt ~# nmap -sN -vv 192.168.1.4

This time I will show only the info that is relevant.

Code:

Starting Nmap 4.20 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2008
All 1697 scanned ports on 192.168.1.4 are closed
MAC Address: 00:11:22:AA:BB:CC (Cisco-Linksys, LLC)

Notice the difference? The only thing is that now the ports are showing up as closed! This is a huge bit of information.
We also learned in both that the host is "up" as well as the network interface's MAC address.
But most importantly we probably didn't set off any alarms on the target network.
Because I did this on my network I know that it didn't.

Now lets look at one more scan, only this time we will do it against a *nix box.

Code:

 bt ~# nmap -sN -vv 192.168.1.101

Again the output shows only what is relevant.

Code:

Starting Nmap 4.20 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2008

Host 192.168.1.101 appears to be up ... good.
All 1697 scanned ports on 192.168.1.101 are open|filtered
MAC Address: 11:00:22:AA:BB:CC (Cisco-Linksys, LLC)

Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 36.094 seconds
            Raw packets sent: 3395 (135.802KB) | Rcvd: 1 (42B)

This time we see that the *nix box showed the ports as being in a open or filtered state.

The advantage of doing a NULL Scan are no TCP sessions are created for this scan, it is normally quiet from the perspective of the remote device's applications. Therefore, none of these scans should appear in any of the application logs. This is a huge advantage when scanning a firewall or router that is facing the internet on a target network. These scans are also some of the most minimal port-level scans that nmap can do. For a closed port, only two packets are transferred. This is all that is needed to find an open port!

The Disadvantages of doing this type of scan are, Some implementations of the TCP stack will render this scan useless. For instance with Microsoft this scan will show all ports as closed regardless of their actual state. But even this can work to your advantage, since any device showing open ports must not be a Windows-based device!
There is another caveat to the above, Software based firewalls can override this rule, as shown in the first scan.

So now that we know what a NULL Scan can do for us or against us we should be able to better protect our networks.
Ideally and in my opinion we want our box to respond as being open | filtered as shown above. This makes it harder for an intruder to guess what the target is.

Sunday, January 6, 2008

Using Dmitry in Backtrack

This is a small tutorial on using DMITRY in Backtrack.
Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime.
If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't come kicking and screaming on the forums.

First off a little background info. DMITRY aka Deep Magic Information Gathering Tool is a GNU/Linux command line application that's coded in C.
It has the ability to give as much info as possible about a host. It is open source, can be used to perform Internet Number whois lookups, Possible to retrieve up time system and server data. The ability to perform SubDomain searches on a target. Perform Email search on a target, and TCP port scanning as well.
(Source http://www.moh-pah.net/index.php?file=projects/dmitry)
Ok now on to the tool.
There are two ways to access the tool either through the menus K>Backtrack>Information Gathering>All>Dmitry or from the command line, either way works the same,
[code]
#dmitry [/code]
OK now we need to be able to use the program so let's first look at the switches presented
-o allows us to specify with a given name our output the default is host.txt you could name it anything you want.
-i allows us to perform a whois lookup of the IP address of a host, this tells us that if we only no the name that dmitry will find the IP for us.
-w will perform a whois lookup on the domain name of a host.
-n will give us Netcraft.com information on a host (if you don't know about netcraft.com then go have a look you won't be disappointed).
-s performs a search for possible subdomains (www.yournetwork.com being a top level domain and www.yoursite.yournetwork.com being a subdomain.)
-e will perform a search for possible email addresses. (youremail@yournetwork.com)
-p will perform a TCP port scan on a host
*-f will perform a TCP port scan on a host showing output reporting filtered ports (useful if there is a firewall in place)
*-b will report to you a banner received from a scanned port (Note this will only work if the port sends us a banner when scanned).
(This may reveal some type of software running on a given port.)
*-t 0-9 is used to set the TTL in seconds when scanning the default is 2
The * means that the -p flag must also be set in order to work.

So now that we know what the flags mean let look at an example usage of the command.
[code]
#dmitry -winsepffb -o hosts.txt www.yournetwork.com[/code]

Ok so we see that we are going to use all of the flags available to us to gather as much information about our target as possible and write the info to a file called
hosts.txt The next part is the domain name of our target.

Now for the good part the first thing we will see is that dmitry is writing the output to our file.
Next we should see:
[code]
HostIP:192.168.1.1
HostName:www.yournetwork.com [/code]
Next we will see :[code]
Gathered Inet-whois information for 192.168.1.1 [/code]
You will be provided lots of whois info about the IP address
I will not print it all here for you but rather, whois should give you the Organization's name and address info. As well as info about the network itself
You should see the net ranges for example the netnames and their registration date.
Next you should see: [code]
Gathered Inic-whois information for www.yournetwork.com
---------------------------------
Domain Name: YOURNETWORK.COM
Registrar: The Registrars info here
Whois Server: whois.example.com
Referral URL: http://www.example.com
Name Server: NS1.YOURNETWORK.COM
Name Server: NS2.YOURNETWORK.COM
Name Server: NS3.YOURNETWORK.COM
Name Server: NS4.YOURNETWORK.COM
Status: clientDeleteProhibited
Status: clientTransferProhibited
Status: clientUpdateProhibited
Updated Date: 10-apr-2006
Creation Date: 15-sep-1997
Expiration Date: 14-sep-2011
>>> Last update of whois database: Sun, 23 Dec 2007 06:42:27 UTC [/code]
Again this provides more information about our target network. Now we have the names servers as well and the name of the registrar.
All of this is useful when we are "reconning" our target.
Next up netcraft with: [code]
Gathered Netcraft information for www.yournetwork.com
---------------------------------
Retrieving Netcraft.com information for www.yournetwork.com
Operating System: winblows server edition2007
WebServer: winblowswebserver v1.0
No uptime reports available for host: www.yournetwork.com
Netcraft.com Information gathered
[/code]
Now if our target network was using something other than the poorly coded Winblows Server Edition 2007
Then it might not get presented here for us. Same thing with the webserver info.
And because it’s so poorly coded we see that there is not uptime because it’s only on for about an hour before a reboot is needed.
[code]
Gathered Subdomain information for yournetwork.com
---------------------------------
Searching Google.com:80...
HostName:images.yournetwork.com
HostIP:192.168.1.2
HostName:maps.yournetwork.com
HostIP:192.168.1.3
HostName:news.yournetwork.com
HostIP:192.168.1.100
HostName:www.yournetwork.com
HostIP:192.168.1.1
HostName:mail.yournetwork.com
HostIP:192.168.1.5
Found 5 possible subdomain(s) for host yournetwork.com, Searched 1 pages containing 1 result. [/code]
And on and on until it has searched through all the subdomains that it finds.
Next we will see: [code]
Gathered E-Mail information for yournetwork.com
admin AT yournetwork DOT com
joeuser AT yournetwork DOT com
[/code]
And finally the output from our TCP scan [code]
Gathered TCP Port information for 192.168.1.1
---------------------------------
Port State
20 Open
21 Open
80 Open
[/code]
Etc, Etc, Etc, because www.yournetwork.com is running winblows server edition 2007 and left all the common ports open by default!
So I hope that this tutorial gets you going and you can start using dmitry to do some "reconning".
BTW All names and IP address have been changed to protect me!
If you feed in private block numbers like 192..... Then the data for whois will tell you that it is for internal network use only.
The only useful part of the entire scan will be port scanning!

Multipart PortScanning Tutorial Part 4

In part four of our "scanning journey" we are looking at FIN scans against our target box.
I am going to show you various combinations of the FIN scan and the resulting output.
If you have not done so you may need to brush up on the other lessons.

Part1
Part2
Part3

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime!
If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't come kicking and screaming on the forums!
All IP Address' MAC Address' etc. have been munged!

This is our standard FIN Scan. Again this is a TCP SCAN NOT UDP. I am using the Insane scan because it is a local network with the firewall and IDS turned off! So no need to worry about that.
Remember if you are doing this on a network that is not yours outside of the legality issues remember the faster you go the more likely you will be discovered by IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection Systems/ Intrusion Prevention Systems). If a firewall was turned on then we probably won't get much in the way of information. However we will see that a little later on in this lesson.

OK on a FIN scan we are only sending FIN or "Finished packets" to our target. This tells the target who we prior to our scan did not actually "talk" to so in essence we are "finishing a conversation" or connection that never took place. This will normally net us some weird results. Sometimes the target can get confused and tell us more than it should! Sometimes it will not say anything and that it what a good hardened target box should do!

These probes are only using the default port list not the entire range of ports. All Scans listed are with the "-vv" very verbose and
"-T5" Insane speed level.

Code:

bt~# nmap -sV -T5 -vv 192.168.102

Code:

Starting Nmap 4.20 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2008
All 1697 scanned ports on 192.168.1.102 are open|filtered
MAC Address: 00:11:22:AA:BB:CC (Cisco-Linksys, LLC)

Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 36.649 seconds

We didn't get much in the way of info with just the basic scan so we are moving on. This time using the version probe and the OS detection
Our command looks like this:

Code:

nmap -sF -sV -O -T5 -vv 192.168.1.102

And our output is as follows.

Code:

Starting Nmap 4.20 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2008
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 11:43
Scanning 192.168.1.102 [1 port]
Completed ARP Ping Scan at 11:43, 0.01s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 11:43
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 11:43, 0.05s elapsed
Initiating FIN Scan at 11:43
Scanning 192.168.1.102 [1697 ports]
Completed FIN Scan at 11:44, 2.31s elapsed (1697 total ports)
Initiating Service scan at 11:44
Warning:  OS detection for 192.168.1.102 will be MUCH less reliable because we did not find at least 1 open and 1 closed TCP port
Initiating OS detection (try #1) against 192.168.1.102
Host 192.168.1.102 appears to be up ... good.
All 1697 scanned ports on 192.168.1.102 are closed
MAC Address:00:11:22:AA:BB:CC (Cisco-Linksys, LLC)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Microsoft Windows 2003
OS details: Microsoft Windows 2003 Server SP1, Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition 64-Bit SP1 (firewall disabled)
OS Fingerprint:
OS:SCAN THIS PART WAS INTENTIONALLY REMOVED BY ME!!

Network Distance: 5  hops

OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://insecure.org/nmap/submit/ .
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2.880 seconds
            Raw packets sent: 1839 (74.156KB) | Rcvd: 1704 (78.744KB)

An now the same scan with a firewall in place.

Code:

Starting Nmap 4.20 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2008
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 12:05
Scanning 192.168.1.102 [1 port]
Completed ARP Ping Scan at 12:05, 0.01s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 12:05
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 12:05, 0.05s elapsed
Initiating FIN Scan at 12:05
Scanning 192.168.1.102 [1697 ports]
Completed FIN Scan at 12:05, 18.93s elapsed (1697 total ports)
Initiating Service scan at 12:05
Scanning 1689 services on 192.168.1.102
Service scan Timing: About 6.42% done; ETC: 12:13 (0:07:17 remaining)
Completed Service scan at 12:12, 425.24s elapsed (1697 services on 1 host)
Warning:  OS detection for 192.168.1.102 will be MUCH less reliable because we did not find at least 1 open and 1 closed TCP port
Initiating OS detection (try #1) against 192.168.1.102
Host 192.168.1.102 appears to be up ... good.
All 1697 scanned ports on 192.168.1.102 are open|filtered
MAC Address: 00:11:22:AA:BB:CC (Cisco-Linksys, LLC)
Too many fingerprints match this host to give specific OS details
TCP/IP fingerprint by osscan system #2:
SCAN(P=i686-pc-linux-gnu)
U1(R=N)
IE(R=N)
Network Distance: 5 hops

OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://insecure.org/nmap/submit/ .
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 445.304 seconds
            Raw packets sent: 3419 (139.138KB) | Rcvd: 1 (42B)

Notice this time in the first scan we went from a possible Windows 2003 Server type box to a possible Linux box. The only difference was the addition of a firewall that was thrown in the mix. This can make a HUGE difference when we are looking for attack vectors!

This lesson shows you what FIN Scans look like. Remember that you can change some of the other options in Nmap to help evade and spoof IDS/IPS etc.
However right now we are only concerned with the basics.
In the next lesson we will be looking at a FIN|ACK scan.

Saturday, January 5, 2008

Multipart PortScanning Tutorial Part 3

We will now continue with our "scanning journey". In this installment we are going to look at another TCP scan using
BT2 as our target machine. I am also using the latest version of Nmap on a windows box.

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime!
If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't come kicking and screaming on the forums!

On our third installment we are going to look at out BT2 box. This is a fresh install of BT2 on a HDD. This will show exactly what it is others may see if you are running BT2 on your network. Now keep in mind things may be different for each individual setup possibility.

I used the latest version of Nmap it comes complete with a nice GUI if you are so inclined. I was since its on a windows box anyway! And yes you can get this for yourBT2 or 3 Box.
The only reason I did it that way is because I only have one BT Box setup right now and it was the easiest option for me. However If you have the option then go for it and post your results here as well!

So we used the same basic commands as before and it looks like:

Code:

 # nmap -A -v 192.168.1.102

Again this is still a TCP SYN Scan.
The output shows us the following:

Code:

 Starting Nmap 4.52 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2008-01-05 22:42
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 22:42
Scanning 192.168.1.100 [1 port]
Completed ARP Ping Scan at 22:42, 0.22s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 22:42
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 22:42, 0.05s elapsed
Initiating SYN Stealth Scan at 22:42
Scanning 192.168.1.100 [1714 ports]
Discovered open port 6000/tcp on 192.168.1.102
Discovered open port 631/tcp on 192.168.1.102
Completed SYN Stealth Scan at 22:42, 0.19s elapsed (1714 total ports)
Initiating Service scan at 22:42
Scanning 2 services on 192.168.1.102
Completed Service scan at 22:43, 6.02s elapsed (2 services on 1 host)
Initiating OS detection (try #1) against 192.168.1.102
SCRIPT ENGINE: Initiating script scanning.
Host 192.168.1.102 appears to be up ... good.
Interesting ports on 192.168.1.102:
Not shown: 1712 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE VERSION
631/tcp  open  ipp     CUPS 1.1
6000/tcp open  X11      (access denied)
MAC Address:  00:11:22:AA:BB:CC (Cisco-Linksys, LLC)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.6.X
OS details: Linux 2.6.17 - 2.6.23, Linux 2.6.20-15-server (Ubuntu 7.04 server, x86)
Uptime: 0.050 days (since Sat Jan 05 21:30:36 2008)
Network Distance: 12 hops
TCP Sequence Prediction: Difficulty=188 (Good luck!)
IP ID Sequence Generation: All zeros
Service Info: OS: Unix

Read data files from: G:\Nmap
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://insecure.org/nmap/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 8.822 seconds
       Raw packets sent: 1737 (78.040KB) | Rcvd: 1729 (79.864KB)

Now notice the output looks a little different, however all of the information is there. Since we used the "-A"
we get our services information in the output. This is some of the critical info that malicious users need in order to compromise a system.

Notice that we have TCP port 631 ipp open, with CUPS1.1 running.
Now for those that don't know this is the service for printing under *nixes.
This would allow users to print from the machine or remote users connect and print as well. Printing (with explicit permission) over a networked computer can be fun and malicious! A malicious user could connect to a networked printer and print out anything they wanted to.

We also see that we have TCP port 6000 open with X11 running but notice is say (access denied). This is the X Window System that allows out BT box to have a desktop.
This is a service because on *nix boxes we can have multiple users from multiple locations logged onto the box itself. And those other users can have a desktop and it can be customized to their liking. Also notice that our scan tells us what kernel we are running in this case 2.6.X

The OS details is for the Distro that we are running and this can and will be different. This data is not correct however because the "signatures that Nmap is using is not correct. At the end of the report we have an option to submit incorrect results to Nmap.

We also see the Uptime of 0.050 days, with a date. This can be very useful information for us. If we scan a box over several days or weeks we may learn that A. our computer is not very stable. B. It gets turned off at night or C. The computer is malfunctioning and needs to reboot.

This can be very useful when doing our pen testing.
A computer that is constantly rebooting may be having problems that we can take advantage of!

This scan gives you a chance to see what your BT box looks like on the net. This is how others may "see" you.

Stay tuned for more scanning in our next part we will look at a FIN Scan.

If this tutorial is helping you or hindering you let me know!

The other parts are located here if you need them:

Multipart PortScanning Part 2

And yes you can get this for yourBT2 or 3 Box.
The only reason I did it that way is because I only have one BT Box setup right now and it was the easiest option for me. However If you have the option then go for it and post your results here as well!

So we used the same basic commands as before and it looks like:

Code:

 # nmap -A -v 192.168.1.102

Again this is still a TCP SYN Scan.
The output shows us the following:

Code:

 Starting Nmap 4.52 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2008-01-05 22:42
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 22:42
Scanning 192.168.1.100 [1 port]
Completed ARP Ping Scan at 22:42, 0.22s elapsed (1 total hosts)
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 22:42
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 22:42, 0.05s elapsed
Initiating SYN Stealth Scan at 22:42
Scanning 192.168.1.100 [1714 ports]
Discovered open port 6000/tcp on 192.168.1.102
Discovered open port 631/tcp on 192.168.1.102
Completed SYN Stealth Scan at 22:42, 0.19s elapsed (1714 total ports)
Initiating Service scan at 22:42
Scanning 2 services on 192.168.1.102
Completed Service scan at 22:43, 6.02s elapsed (2 services on 1 host)
Initiating OS detection (try #1) against 192.168.1.102
SCRIPT ENGINE: Initiating script scanning.
Host 192.168.1.102 appears to be up ... good.
Interesting ports on 192.168.1.102:
Not shown: 1712 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE VERSION
631/tcp  open  ipp     CUPS 1.1
6000/tcp open  X11      (access denied)
MAC Address:  00:11:22:AA:BB:CC (Cisco-Linksys, LLC)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.6.X
OS details: Linux 2.6.17 - 2.6.23, Linux 2.6.20-15-server (Ubuntu 7.04 server, x86)
Uptime: 0.050 days (since Sat Jan 05 21:30:36 2008)
Network Distance: 12 hops
TCP Sequence Prediction: Difficulty=188 (Good luck!)
IP ID Sequence Generation: All zeros
Service Info: OS: Unix

Read data files from: G:\Nmap
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://insecure.org/nmap/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 8.822 seconds
        Raw packets sent: 1737 (78.040KB) | Rcvd: 1729 (79.864KB)

We also see that we have TCP port 6000 open with X11 running but notice is say (access denied). This is the X Window System that allows out BT box to have a desktop.
This is a service because on *nix boxes we can have multiple users from multiple locations logged onto the box itself. And those other users can have a desktop and it can be customized to their liking. Also notice that our scan tells us what kernel we are running in this case 2.6.X

The OS details is for the Distro that we are running and this can and will be different. This data is not correct however because the "signatures that Nmap is using is not correct. At the end of the report we have an option to submit incorrect results to Nmap.

We also see the Uptime of 0.050 days, with a date. This can be very useful information for us. If we scan a box over several days or weeks we may learn that A. our computer is not very stable. B. It gets turned off at night or C. The computer is malfunctioning and needs to reboot.

This can be very useful when doing our pen testing.
A computer that is constantly rebooting may be having problems that we can take advantage of!

This scan gives you a chance to see what your BT box looks like on the net. This is how others may "see" you.

Friday, January 4, 2008

Multipart PortScanning Tutorial part 1

This is not so much a "How To" but rather a "What Is" The tutorials come latter.

Today we will be talking about Port Scanning and what it is.

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not to commit a crime!
If you do something that causes you to hose your box don't come kicking and screaming on the forums!

Port Scanning is like a car thief walking around a busy parking lot and trying to find cars that are unlocked.
However on our computer or network. This can sometimes be bad if we leave the "doors" (ports) "unlocked" (open). When we leave ports open on the Internet it is not "if" someone will find it but "when". Port scanning software like [url=http://insecure.org/nmap/]Nmap[/url] Allows anyone to scan computers connected to a network. This can be done simply by the program sending out a request to connect to a target computer. Then it waits to see which port(s) responds or seems to be open so that it can be studied latter more in depth. Sometimes a computer doesn't respond and this information can be useful too. We will cover that more in depth latter.

When a scanner is looking for ports on a target computer it has two choices for port type. First is TCP which is the Transmission Control Protocol.This is simply the "rule set" by which data is exchanged over a network. This data exchange is bytes of data that are called packets. These packets normally consist of a "Header" and a "body". The header is the "address" of where the packet is going to. This is used by routers on a network to send the data along its way. The "body" is the information that has been sent. Think of it as a letter to grandma first you have the envelope which is the packet. You have the address to grandma which is the header, And finally you have the letter itself, which is the body of the packet. It doesn't really matter which order these packets arrive at its destination because the computer on the receiving end can put them back together in the right order.

Now UDP on the other hand does not guarantee reliability or ordering in the way that TCP does. This means that the packets can arrive out of order, they can be duplicated or become missing without notice. This sometimes makes UDP faster than TCP. We will talk more about UDP later on.

Back to port scanning. When we scan ports we have up to 65,535 to choose from. This is the same for TCP and UDP. Thats a lot of doors for us to lock and make sure they stay locked.

The first 1024 TCP ports are called the Well-Known Ports and are associated with standard services such as FTP, HTTP, SMTP or DNS.
The Registered Ports are those in the range 1024–49151.
The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those in the range 49152–65535. Randomly chosen port numbers out of this range are called ephemeral ports. These ports are not permanently assigned to any publicly defined application.

If a port scan is being done with malicious intent, an attacker normally wants to go undetected. Network security applications can be configured to alert administrators if they detect connection requests across a broad range of ports from a single host. To get around this an attacker can do the port scan in strobe or stealth mode. Strobing limits the ports to a smaller target set rather than blanket scanning all 65535 ports. Stealth scanning uses techniques such as slowing the scan down. By scanning the ports over a much longer period of time we can better evade IDS. Although this is not always the case!

By setting different TCP flags or sending different types of packets a port scan can generate different results or locate open ports in different ways. A SYN scan will tell the port scanner which ports are listening and which are not depending on the type of response generated. This is normally accomplished by a Three-Way Handshake.
First we have the Syn Packet sent from a computer wishing to connect to another saying "let's connect". Then the computer we wish to connect to says with a SYN-ACK "ok let's connect".Then we would send another ACK back saying "ok". At this point the two computers would be "connected". If the port however was closed then we normally wouldn't get any response back.

In the next few segments we will be looking at the output of some various scans on our target machine. We will be using nmap to do this.
So until then go and read up on nmap so that you have a basic understanding of the tool.